Nephrologists are medical doctors who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the kidneys, such as inflammation of the kidneys, chronic kidney disease, or cancer.

Nephrologists may further specialize in treating certain age groups, such as pediatric nephrologists, who only treat children. Nephrologists may consult with people for short-term illnesses or procedures, such as for a kidney biopsy. Or they may care for people who have long-term (chronic) kidney problems or who are on dialysis.

Nephrologists are certified by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada.