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The Peter Lougheed Centre has acute care beds. The facility offers a full-range of adult-focused, inpatient and outpatient services.
Wheel chair access available. On major bus route and lifts on site.
Alberta Health Services is committed to supporting patients and families during their most challenging times. To support this, we have removed formal visiting hours for all our Calgary zone hospitals. Visiting hours are based on expressed wishes and care needs of the patient.
3500 26 Avenue Calgary Alberta T1Y 6J4
403-943-4555 (Switchboard)
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https://www.ahs.ca/plc
Parking available
Peter Lougheed Centre parking map
ABGs done on Tuesday and Wednesday
Exertional Walk Tests done on Thursday and Friday
Phones are answered Monday through Friday
Services may include:
Determined by doctor / health care professional as per AADL Respiratory Benefits program criteria. Criteria can be searched on internet: AADL respiratory manual
Exertional AADL Walk Test are booked within 4 to 8 weeks.
Clinic procedure days are Tuesday and Wednesdays. Clinic is closed on all statutory holidays.
Services include:
People with a confirmed pregnancy who wish to terminate their pregnancy (abortion) or require information about the procedure or pregnancy options counselling.
Waiting periods are normally one week or less. Please contact each clinic for more information.
Phones are answered Monday to Friday from 8:00 AM to 4:00 PM.
The ARCH ( Addiction Recovery and Community Health ) Team, works with a patient's care team in the emergency department ( ED ) or inpatient setting, and assists with:
For inpatients who have an active substance use disorder and / or be dealing with social inequity.
Closed on weekends and statutory holidays.
Provides services to people with long-term intravenous (IV) therapy such as:
Provides services to adult patients only. Eligibility will be assessed by AVAS registered nurses.
24-hour 0n-call emergency service.
This service provides:
Physician referral required.
The service is in communication with the patient’s primary care doctor.
Calgary Zone adult patients who require support for anticoagulation management which would include: warfarin initiation, low molecular weight heparin initiation or peri-procedural management, chronic anticoagulation with labile INR in high risk clotting or bleeding patient or initiation of DOAC in high risk bleeding or clotting patient.
An estimated wait time will be provided at the time of appointment booking.
Provides:
Test is available on an emergency basis 24 hours/day, 7 days/week.
This service offers:
Usually less than 1 week.
Testing available on an emergency basis 24 hours/day; 7 days/week primarily for inpatients.
Provides service to assess the upper and lower airways to help diagnose lung diseases.
Offers fresh food for people to buy at AHS hospitals and facilities. Vending machines are also available.
This location specializes in Adult Congenital Heart Echocardiograms.
NOTE: Services listed below may not be offered at all locations. Contact the location to receive details on their service offerings.
Services provided include:
Electrodiagnostics
Nuclear Cardiology
Echocardiograms
The Cardiac Function Clinic (CFC) is a multidisciplinary clinic dedicated to the support of Heart Failure (HF) patients who have complex care needs that require close monitoring and/or medication optimization . Care offered includes ongoing physical assessment, management of medical and non-pharmacological treatments, and patient teaching regarding diet, lifestyle and medication management.
Also open some Fridays.
Offers follow-up care for patients with implanted cardiac devices.
Conditions include but are not limited to:
Medical cardiology patients needing the following will be limited to the CICU at the Foothills Medical Centre:
All admissions must be approved by the attending cardiologist.
Closed on statutory holidays and weekends.
Provides cardiac surveillance, timely management, and support for patients with neuromuscular disorders and the cardiac complications of this diagnosis.
Service targeted to:
Cashier services performs financial transactions, including the acceptance of payment for patient fees.
Closed statutory holidays.
There may be costs for splints, braces or other items not covered by Alberta Health.
Office hours are 8:30 AM - 4:00 PM.
Chronic Cough Clinics are held 1 - 2 days per month. Call for information.
Provides care and support to people whose cough is not being caused by a health condition, but is still affecting their everyday lives.
Clients must:
The chronic pain consult team:
Hospital inpatients only.
Closed Statutory holidays.
Treatment offered for complex musculoskeletal conditions that may include:
The rehabilitation focus is on achieving client goals in improved functionality and independence, to enable return to work or meaningful activity. This will include one-on-one interventions, education, exercise, self-management strategies, and where appropriate, connection with other community resources.
Must be 18 years of age or older, medically stable, physically and cognitively able to participate in an active rehabilitation program.
Short term rehabilitation program for adults who recently experienced a neurological event or who have a neurological condition, who would benefit from an active rehabilitation program with an interdisciplinary team. Rehabilitation focus is to support clients in addressing their goals to improve function and independence or return to meaningful activity / roles. This may include:
Clients who are being referred to CAR for Neuro Rehabilitation must meet the following criteria:
You will receive a confirmation letter once your referral is accepted. You can expect a call to book your first appointment approximately 4 -12 weeks after your referral has been accepted, depending on the nature of your condition. You may be required to attend a virtual information session about CAR before your first appointment. The first appointment is typically in-person, however alternatives can be arranged as needed.
Contact our booking clerk between 8:00 am to 4:00 pm. Clinics run at various times and locations all around the Calgary Zone.
Non-urgent referrals for asthma education. In person or virtual education appointments for children and their families with mild to moderate asthma that includes a customized Asthma Action Plan for every patient. A breathing exercise (simple spirometry) for children 6 years of age and older will be scheduled as required.
Children from 2 years to 18 years of age. Children 6 years of age and older may also have a breathing test (simple spirometry) as required.
Closed on Statutory holidays.
Services provided may include:
Two or more chronic disease conditions (i.e. COPD, dyslipidemia, CHF, HTN, Diabetes or others). Excluding patients with chronic pain. Excluding dialysis patients who have had least one emergency / inpatient visit in the past 12 months.
Computed tomography, also known as "CT Scan" or "CAT Scan", is when pictures of the body are taken using radiation and computer-enhanced imaging.
A language line is available, but requests need to be made before tests are scheduled.
After hours, check ROCA for on-call psychiatry
Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry provides psychiatric consultation and assessment(s) to patients admitted to non-psychiatric units at the Peter Lougheed Centre. This service is only available to patients admitted to the Peter Lougheed Centre. Services provided include:
Internal referrals are completed through ordering the "IP Consutl to Psychiatry Consullt Liaison" consult order in Connect Care
Only accessible to inpatients at Peter Lougheed Centre.
Cares for people before and after general surgery procedures.
Language Line is available upon request at time of care.
You need a referral from a surgeon.
After the birth of your baby, a health care provider will offer to have your baby's hearing screened.
With your consent, your baby's hearing screening will happen before your baby leaves the hospital. The results of your baby's hearing screening and any follow up needed will be shared with you.
Hearing screening is the best way to find out if your baby has hearing loss.
Hearing screening is quick, safe, and will not hurt your baby. Your baby's hearing is important for many areas of child and brain development. Hearing loss can delay your child's speech, learning and social skills.
For more information, visit our website.
All babies born or living in Alberta are offered screening for permanent hearing loss within 90 days of birth. It's best to have your baby's hearing screened before they are 1 month old. Newborn hearing screening is free. Additional eligibility requirements are based on your baby's age and health status. If your baby is born with bilateral aural atresia or presents with meningitis, they will be referred to Audiology Services for a diagnostic ABR assessment.
Your baby will be referred to Community Hearing Screening if:
For more information on screening in the community, see the service type Early Hearing Detection & Intervention (EHDI) Program - Community Hearing Screening.
An EEG test is a measurement of the electrical activity of the brain. It takes approximately 60-90 minutes and is performed by a technologist and then interpreted by a neurologist. The test involves the placement of electrodes on your scalp, there is no pain or discomfort involved. We ask that you arrive for your appointment with clean hair with no mousse, gels or hairspray.
The test involves low electrical stimulation of the nerves using electrode stickers or may involve a thin needle to be inserted directly into a muscle which records the electrical activity in that muscle. Testing is performed by a doctor who is assisted by a technologist.
An estimated wait time will be provided at the time the referral is received.
The Psychiatric Emergency Room Outreach (ERO) Team and Psychiatric Outreach Response Team (PORT) offers timely community-based follow-up to clients who are referred by psychiatric emergency services. ERO and PORT are mobile teams, able to meet with client by phone and at times at their homes, allowing them to effectively address client needs.
The services offer emotional or mental health support, intervention and problem solving, education and information for well-being, referral to other services, and clinical follow-up. Clients is in need of further mental health support, will be connected to a longer term service.
If you have an emergency, call 911.
Emergency departments:
Emergency Department wait times are now available for Calgary, Edmonton, Lethbridge, Medicine Hat and Red Deer.
Get the right care when you need it, to learn more visit Know Your Options
This service may be impacted by the COVID pandemic. View the Hours of Operations to see if the location has been impacted. Visit https://ahs.ca/covid for up-to-date information.
We can’t predict how long you will need to wait in the emergency department. Patients are assessed (triaged) using a standard scoring system called the Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale (CTAS) to see how urgent their health needs are.
Psychiatric Emergency Services are provided from 8:00 AM to 2:00 PM 7 days per week.
See Eligibility field for information on who is eligible for this service.
Alberta Children's Hospital has a Mental Health Inpatient Unit.
Children and adolescents with mental health concerns that impact abilities in daily functioning.
The following locations ONLY provide Mental Health services to adolescents over the age of 14 years:
Wait time varies.
The Endocrinology Clinic provides services such as:
Triaged by urgency then wait listed.
Offers endoscopy procedures for gastrointestinal concerns, which may include:
View patient education videos, visit ahs.ca/colonoscopy.
The Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) program supports implementation of standardized patient care related to nutrition, mobility after surgery, pain and nausea control, and fluid intake management. We engage patients and make them part of the team by involving them in preparation for their surgery and post-operative recovery. By helping patients stay strong, we can improve outcomes, reduce complications and create a better patient experience.
Before surgery:
During surgery:
After surgery:
For more information, visit the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) website.
Services offered may include:
Service is available 24-hours.
Fluoroscopy is a real time x-ray like a video, which is used by physicians and staff to assist imaging throughout the body during exams.
Service available, but must be arranged ahead of time
Translation services via language line.
This service provides comprehensive diagnostic, assessment, treatment and follow-up services within cardiology subspecialties.
Offers care on an inpatient basis including assessing, diagnosing, and treating many types of medical problems.
An estimated wait time will be provided when accepted to the program.
The General Neurology Clinics offers assessment and treatment for neurological conditions and disorders.
Service provided includes:
Referrals will be reviewed and triaged through Neurology Central Access and Triage (NCAT).
All referrals to neurology are to be made through Neurology Central Access and Triage (NCAT). Referrals to neurologists not involved with NCAT should be sent directly to their private offices.
Referrals will be triaged and assigned to the most appropriate neurology clinic (e.g. general neurology clinic versus a subspecialty clinic). Sometimes NCAT referrals will be returned to the referring physician requesting more information or suggesting a specific clinical pathway to be tried prior to referral.
All patients seen by a Neurologist belonging to NCAT within 3 years will be referred directly to the same neurologist when possible.
Must be 18 years old or older.
Wait time approximately 12 months
This service provides diagnostic, assessment, treatment, and follow-up care services for:
Offers teaching activities for respiratory clients. Services include:
Eligibility is dependent on testing done by the referring physician.
General Radiography uses x-rays to produce images of the structures inside the body, particularly bones. X-ray beams can pass through the body, but they are absorbed in different amounts depending on the density of the material they pass through.
The patient is admitted to a general surgery inpatient unit for one or more nights.
Interpretation and Translation Services available.
Holidays 11:00 AM - 5:00 PM
A hospital boutique featuring a wide selection of gifts, snacks and toiletries for sale. At The Red Thread Gift Shop your gift gives twice! Proceeds of sales support programs that focus on patient care and comfort as well as the purchase of new patient focused equipment.
Cares for women or people with female anatomy after they have had gynecology surgery (e.g., hysterectomy, bladder repair, for cancer).
Women/ people are admitted to the unit by a surgeon.
Office hours above.
Clinic hours vary, contact for available times.
This program provides assessment and treatment for injuries as recommended by the health care team.
There may be a cost for splints or other items not covered by Alberta Healthcare Insurance.
In accordance with Alberta's Health Information Act, this is a service which enables the release of individually identifiable health information with or without the consent of an individual.
For health information, please contact the hospital or health care centre where you received treatment.
For detailed instructions, frequently asked questions and forms, please visit Access & Disclosure | Alberta Health Services.
A basic fee of $25.00 is applied to all requests which includes up to 20 pages depending on record format i.e. paper, electronic or microfilm record. Each additional page costs from .25 to .50 cents per page. Additional costs may apply. Fees are applied in accordance with the Health Information Act.
If you are unable to pay the fee, please submit evidence of financial hardship.
Completes patient charts, collects data, data entry and coding, collects patient information, dictates notes, and transcribes inpatient and outpatient charts.
There is a fee for copies of health records.
Provides care for people in the hospital with blood diseases, including leukemia.
Triage nurse works Tuesday to Friday every week.Triage secretary available part-time, Monday to Friday.
Provides a referral service for doctors, emergency departments, and urgent care centres in Calgary that need to refer people to see hematologists (doctors who specialize in blood diseases and issues).
Service targeted to adults only.
Provides hemodialysis treatments (a process where the client's blood is passed through a special filter that removes waste products and water). Most people need 3 treatments every week. Each treatment lasts 4 hours.
Offers medical services for people with hepatitis, including:
Translation Services available for languages other than English. Please indicate the language at the time of referral.
Doctors will triage referral and result of referral will be communicated to referring doctor.
An estimated wait time will be provided by Central Access and Triage when they confirm acceptance of the referral.
Closed on Statutory holidays
Closed January 1, December 25 and December 26
Provides intravenous (IV) antibiotics at home. Healthcare providers teach clients and caregivers how to use an IV pump to give the antibiotics.
To access contact information and a list of services offered, select a hospital.
Search through a complete list of progams and services, or hospital and facility information with the following:
Find Healthcare:
These services are not available on evenings and weekends. At these times, please contact the social worker at the hospital.
What we can do:
Patients incorporate their traditional and spiritual practices during their hospital stay. We recognize all faiths and can connect you with the appropriate support you may need.
First Nations (Status and Non-Status), Metis and Inuit people and their families.
Provides consultation services for older adults with medical problems, including:
Adults ages 65 years and older.
As part of the Critical Care Medicine Department, this service provides intensive care for all patients, including trauma and neurosciences.
On-call after hours and weekends.
Interventional Radiography is a sub-specialty of Diagnostic Imaging (radiology) that uses imag-guided procedures for both therapeutic and diagnostic Purposes. Interventional radiography can be done using x-ray, CT, Ultrasound or MRI images and are done to diagnose and treat disease in almost every organ system.
Angiography, which is a diagnostic imaging procedure that uses a radio-opaque dye and a specialized x-ray camera to take pictures of the blood flow in specific blood vessels (arteries or veins) or blood flow within the heart itself. Sometimes treatments are done during an angiogram.
This lab will serve hospital inpatient, Ambulatory Clinic patients, by physician or clinic referral only.
Appointments are available to patients by physician / clinic referral only Monday to Friday 7:00 AM – 4:00 PM (Closed Statutory holidays).
Alternate Patient Service Centres offer both appointment and walk-in services for all patients that require lab work. Book online at https://qme.dynalife.ca/ or call 1-877-702-4486 to make an appointment.
Laboratory Services provides collection of blood and body fluids for tests ordered by your doctor or healthcare provider including a comprehensive range of routine and specialized lab testing and clinical consultations:
Note: Some locations may not offer the full range of testing. To confirm availability of a specific test, contact the location.
APL Booking Line: 1-877-702-4486 or book online.
24 / 7 care for pregnant women and newborn babies, which includes:
A physician / midwife referral is needed.
Low risk care provided at Canmore, High River hospitals.
Low risk and high risk care provided at Foothills, Peter Lougheed, Rockyview, and South Health Campus hospitals.
Highest risk, tertiary care provided at Foothills Medical Centre.
This service provides information and connections to patients in South Calgary areas and the South Zone of Alberta. NOTE: If you have completed a Post COVID Functional Scale and Symptom Checklist (PCFS), please include with referral.
Patients MUST:
Plus a minimum of ONE of the following:
Patients with persisting or worsening symptoms since discharge or completion of therapy.
3 months post covid-19 diagnosis.
On call coverage after hours.
MRI scanners use strong magnetic fields and radiowaves to form images of the body. The technique is widely used in hospitals for medical diagnosis, staging of disease and for follow-up without exposure to ionizing radiation.
Used for many exams, including: head, spine, heart, bone / joints, and abdomen.
This Maternal Fetal Medicine provides MFM consultation and ultrasound to inpatients and outpatients being seen at the Peter Lougheed Centre.
Women may also be referred to specific outpatient services incluing:
- Post-Loss Consultation Clinic
- Repro-ID Consultation Clinic
- Preconception Consultation Clinic
Please fax your referral for these outpatient clinics to 403-270-0996
Provides consults to pregnant women, including:
Medical Cardiology inpatient unit that serves a patient population that traverses the life span to include young adults, middle adult and older age groups. Admissions include but are not limited to:
Clients admitted under Cardioloogy who meet the criteria for needing cardiac services.
Closed weekends and statutory holidays.
This day program includes:
Adults ages 18 to 65 years, experiencing acute mental health concerns that significantly impair their daily functioning. Individuals suffering from dementia or severe cognitive impairment are NOT accepted.
The service includes:
Southern Alberta Neonatal Transport Service (neonatal transport team serves southern Alberta) only available at the Foothills Medical Centre
For babies 24 hours and younger that require intensive care.
Closed all weekends and holidays.
This clinic provides assessment, treatment, and education regarding the disease process and treatments.
Must be referred by a doctor or nurse practitioner.
An estimated wait time will be provided after triage.
A registered nurse is available from 8:00 AM to 3:30 PM to address questions or concerns.
NTM clinic provides education, treatment and management of non-tuberculosis mycobacterium patients. Healthcare providers teach clients and caregivers about NTM medicines and care plans, to help manage their NTM diagnosis and to coordinate their care and tests associated with NTM. The clinic coordinates with other medical specialists who include pulmonologists, pharmacists and registered nurses.
Patients may have to pay for a portion of the medication related to their care.
On-call services available on weekends from 8:00am - 4:00pm
Clients swallow, inhale, or are given a needle with a radiotracer before their exam. Radiotracers go to a specific body part so the camera can take pictures. (tests may take a number of hours to complete; patients may be required to return later that day or the next day to complete exam).
Radiotracers are also given to treat diseases like thyroid disease.
Call for information; availability of dietitian appointments vary.
Services provided for:
18 years and younger.
The care of pregnant women with medical conditions include:
This clinic collaborates closely with obstetricians, maternal fetal medicine specialists, medical subspecialists and other allied health care staff to ensure women with medical conditions have safe pregnancies.
Urgent 1-2 weeks, semi urgent 3-6 weeks, routine 7-10 weeks and preconception appointments 2-6 months.
Offers care and treatment for people with cancer, including high-dose chemotherapy and pain relief.
You must be admitted to hospital by your doctor.
We are unable to provide a surgical date or time information. Please contact your surgeon's office for this information.
A multidisciplinary team provides care for orthopedic patients including:
For more information visit our website.
Referrals are not to be made directly to the unit. Patients must be admitted by an orthopedic surgeon or other doctor.
Wait time varies and is dependent on surgeon availability.
Closed on statutory holidays.
Cancer drugs are provided, without charge, to registered Alberta cancer patients through specific locations in the province.
Please refer to the Alberta Health Services Cancer Drug Benefit Program.
Professional referral required.
Recipients must be:
The clinic DOES NOT assess or manage patients with suspected esophageal abnormalities.
Consider alternate investigations if patient has:
Patients must be 18 years or older.
As part of our support for patient care and comfort, friends and family of inpatients at hospital and health care facilities can send well wishes via email. Sites participating in the program will receive the message, will ensure that the message is only "well-wish" (any other type of communication will be deleted) and will arrange for delivery within 3 business days. A couple of important reminders - the electronic delivery system is not a secure connection, so please don't add any confidential information to your message. Plus the "well-wish" system does not allow for replies or confirm receipt / delivery confirmation.
General hours of meal service:
Breakfast: 7:30 Am - 9:30 AM
Lunch: 11:30 AM - 1:00 PM
Supper: 4:30 PM - 6:00 PM
Patient Food Services overarching objectives are to:
PFS delivers more than 31,000 patient/resident meals each day within AHS facilities.
Services offered:
Provides assessment, treatment, prevention and education to pediatric patients.
Newborn to 17 years of age.
Fees apply for non-Canadians.
The Pediatric inpatient unit provides care for pediatric patients who require hospitalization. Issues managed include but are not limited to:
Service includes:
Pediatrics also provides consultation services to public health and for pediatric patients seen in the emergency room.
Patients are referred for admission from another health care professional including emergency room physicians, community pediatricians, public health nurses, midwives and family doctors. Requests for admission or consultation occur through direct communication with the preceptor on-call.
Patients must be under 18 years of age
Closed Statutory Holidays and Weekends.
Provides medication services for:
Standard dispensing fees apply.
Elective Charts: 4 - 6 weeks preferred to process and arrange consults Urgent Charts: please send ASAP
4 to 6 weeks for elective surgeries. Clients having urgent surgery are seen sooner.
Parking is offered for a fee. On major bus route, kiosk parking
The DH Program is 4 weeks in duration, operating from Monday to Friday during business hours. The DH Program is an intensive program predominantly focused on group-based skill development, combined with opportunities for individual and supported skills integration. Patients develop and work towards specific goals throughout the program, with primary support from a therapist, and other multidisciplinary team members as required.
All four Psychiatric Day Hospital Programs in Calgary offer one brochure to inform referral sources of the process.
Specific criteria is outlined on the Day Hospitial Referral form. Referral form must be completed in Connect Care using the day hospital referral form smartphrase.
The waiting period varies from 2 to 4 weeks. Wait time varies, call for latest times.
Services provided to clients and families by Psychiatric Emergency Services (PES) may also include:
Offers services for people who have serious, ongoing mental health concerns, including:
For adults and older adults with serious, ongoing mental health concerns.
Wait times vary.
Clinic provides diagnostic procedures for lung conditions such as:
A doctor's referral is required.
Referring Doctors are encouraged to go through PCAT or ATOP.
Adult patients over the age of 18.
Varies depends on specialty and triage priority.
An estimated waitline will be provided after triage.
Patient Registration registers:
Provides short-term crisis intervention and stabilization, through brief intensive therapy and education over a 72 hour period. Discharge planning includes assistance arranging access to community programs and services.
Provides short-term support for people as they prepare to leave the hospital and access community programs and services.
Patient of the Short Stay Unit only
On-call: Weekends: 0800 to 1200 hours.
This service works individually with patients, groups and/or families to:
Language Line and translation available as required.
Referral is usually through the care team or patients and families can request to see a social worker while attending hospital.
Doctor to fax referral form and supporting documents (operative reports, cardiac cath, echo, etc).
Must be 18 years or older.
Areas of focus include:
Care may include risk assessment in cases of systemic immunosuppression or co-morbidities, as well as preventative interventions before, during or after pregnancy and can be gynecological in nature. The ReproID Clinic complements existing infectious disease services like the Tropical Infectious Diseases and Calgary STI clinics or TB Services in order to streamline care.
A health professional referral is required.
Service is available to hospital inpatients and their families in emergency situations 24/7.
Please contact the patient care unit.
Provision of spiritual health care by clinically trained Spiritual Health Practitioners to patients and families across diverse spiritual, religious, cultural, and philosophical values, beliefs, and practices.
Spirituality is a dimension of health. A Spiritual Health Practitioner (SHP) is a member of the health care team that can help you understand your unique health journey in light of your personal beliefs, values, relationships and experiences. Spiritual healthcare is confidential, inclusive, compassionate, and respectful and SHPs are skilled in providing philosophical, spiritual, and religious patient care across beliefs, cultural perspectives, and practices. They address spiritual distress (experiences of loss of meaning and connection in relation to yourself, to others and to what you understand as greater) and promote spiritual well-being (connection in relation to yourself, to others and to what you understand as greater).
A SHP will listen compassionately and work with you to determine the support you want and need. Services may include the following:
Remote Language Interpretation service is available
These services include:
Patient in acute care facility in the Calgary Zone who will require medically necessary support upon discharge
On call staff coverage after hours.
Ultrasound is an imaging test that captures images of soft tissue organs, blood vessels and tissues using high-frequency sound waves (no radiation). Ultrasound is also known as sonography.
Not all tests are offered at all sites. Call the location for more information.
The Clinic cares for people with vascular disease.
Doctor's referral needed.
Our volunteer roles share a commitment to improving the quality of the patient and family experience.
Volunteers are:
For general information about volunteering with AHS please visit our website.
Service includes management of diabetes related foot complications including:
